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Phenolic-enriched fractions from the inflorescence of Etlingera elatior and

their antioxidant activities

2
2
1,3
Sedin Renadi, #,1,2 Kimberly Delica-Balagot, Vera Nurviana, Tresna Lestari, Clarisse
1
1
4,5
Mu-Ting Fournier, Thiyagarajan Raviraj, Olha Mykhailenko, Fang-Rong Chang,
1
,1
Michal Korinek*

1 Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical
University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan
2 Faculty of Pharmacy, Bakti Tunas Husada University, Tasikmalaya 46196, Indonesia
3 Department of Science and Technology–Forest Products Research and Development
Institute (DOST-FPRDI), College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
4 Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Group, UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1E 6BT,
United Kingdom
5 National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv 61002, Ukraine
* E-mail: michalk@kmu.edu.tw

Abstract
Etlingera elatior (torch ginger) is cultivated in Southeast Asia and Taiwan. The inflorescence
part of this plant is widely used as food and ethnomedicine, but its phytochemical profile and
antioxidant potential have not been thoroughly explored. The inflorescences obtained from
West Java, Indonesia, were extracted and fractionated into eleven subfractions (EES1 to EES11),
and evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant
activity using DPPH and CUPRAC assays. Fractions EES8 (TPC: 66.64 mg GAE/g; TFC:
392.19 mg QE/g), EES6 (TPC: 40.28 mg GAE/g; TFC: 943.51 mg QE/g), and EES7 (TPC:
51.80 mg GAE/g; TFC: 623.59 mg QE/g) exhibited the most significant antioxidant capacity.
DPPH radical-scavenging activities for these fractions were 2.11, 1.61, and 1.28 mmol TEAC/g,
respectively, while CUPRAC reducing capacities were 8.33, 7.45, and 6.92 mmol TEAC/g,
respectively. There is a positive correlation between polyphenolic enrichment and antioxidant
activity. Based on chromatographic isolation, fifteen compounds were isolated, including
phenolics, fatty alcohol derivatives, and a glucopyranoside. The compounds were characterized
by 1D/2D NMR and mass spectrometry. Additionally, molecular docking against inducible
nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) assessed potential links between structure and bioactivity of
isolated compounds from E. elatior. Phenolic derivative compounds formed hydrogen bonding
interactions essential for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Through these findings, E.
elatior inflorescences have been shown as a promising source of natural, phenolic-rich
antioxidant compounds with potential iNOS inhibitory activity.

Keywords: Etlingera elatior; Phenolic compounds; Antioxidant activity; DPPH; CUPRAC;
Flavonoids